This report presents a comprehensive assessment of Thailand’s biomass resource potential and its role in supporting national climate and energy transition goals. Agricultural residues such as rice husk, bagasse, corn cob, palm shell, and other lignocellulosic feedstocks are identified as abundant yet underutilized domestic resources capable of contributing to renewable energy production and value-added material synthesis. The study examines the structural composition of biomass, with emphasis on hemicellulose as a strategically accessible fraction for chemical valorization and hybrid electrolyte precursor development. Case studies on hemicellulose extraction from palm shells and corn cobs demonstrate feasible processing routes that enable the generation of sugar-platform intermediates for fuels, chemicals, and advanced functional materials. In addition, the report evaluates the economic and environmental implications of biomass utilization, highlighting potential revenues, infrastructure requirements, and contributions to greenhouse-gas reduction and energy security. Overall, the findings support the development of integrated biomass valorization pathways as a key component of Thailand’s transition toward a circular, low-carbon bioeconomy.